Gingivitis: Why Do Gums Get Inflamed and How to Treat It?

What Causes Gingivitis?

The primary cause of gum inflammation is poor oral hygiene. When teeth are not brushed regularly or properly, soft plaque accumulates on their surface, containing bacteria that gradually irritate the gum’s mucous membrane. Over time, plaque mineralizes into tartar, which exacerbates inflammation and promotes the formation of periodontal pockets—gaps between the teeth and soft tissues where bacteria thrive.

Other factors that increase the risk of gingivitis include:

• Hormonal changes (e.g., during pregnancy, puberty, or hormone therapy).
• Systemic diseases (such as diabetes, anemia, leukemia, or chronic infections).
• Vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin C, which strengthens blood vessels and aids tissue regeneration.
• Immune disorders, including HIV and congenital immune deficiencies.
• Genetic predisposition—if close relatives have had chronic gum inflammation.
• Gum trauma from ill-fitting fillings, crowns, braces, or aggressive oral care products.
• Fungal and viral infections, including oral candidiasis.
• Allergic reactions to toothpaste ingredients, mouthwashes, or dental prosthetic materials.

Symptoms of Gingivitis

In its early stages, gingivitis may not cause significant discomfort. However, as it progresses, the following symptoms appear:

• Redness and swelling of the gums.
• Bleeding while brushing or eating hard foods.
• Persistent bad breath, unaffected by hygiene measures.
• Formation of gum pockets that trap food particles.
• Itching and a burning sensation in the gums.
• Pain when pressing on the gums or consuming hot or cold beverages.
• In chronic cases—gum tissue overgrowth, potentially covering part of the tooth crowns.

If left untreated, gingivitis can lead to widespread inflammation of the periodontal tissues and, in severe cases, progress to periodontitis and tooth loss.

How to Treat Gingivitis?

Gingivitis treatment must be comprehensive and tailored to the individual. The main goals are to eliminate the infection, prevent recurrence, and maintain oral health.

A complete treatment plan includes:

1. Professional oral hygiene – removal of plaque and tartar followed by enamel polishing.
2. Antiseptic treatment – rinsing with antiseptic solutions (chlorhexidine, furacilin) and applying anti-inflammatory gels.
3. Topical therapy – application of antimicrobial and healing ointments to affected gum areas.
4. Anti-inflammatory treatment – using antiseptic rinses, herbal decoctions (chamomile, oak bark, sage), and, if necessary, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
5. Bite correction and elimination of traumatic factors – replacing uncomfortable prosthetics and correcting dental issues.
6. Vitamin supplements – intake of vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and B vitamins to support gum health.

In severe cases, surgical treatment may be necessary, especially for hypertrophic gingivitis, where the gum tissue significantly enlarges.

Preventing Gingivitis: How to Maintain Healthy Gums?

Preventive measures can help avoid gum inflammation. Key recommendations include:

• Brushing teeth twice a day with a soft-bristled brush and antiseptic toothpaste.
• Using dental floss and an oral irrigator to clean interdental spaces.
• Rinsing with antiseptic mouthwashes (chlorhexidine, herbal infusions).
• Promptly treating cavities and other dental issues.
• Visiting the dentist at least twice a year for check-ups and professional cleanings.
• Avoiding harmful habits such as smoking and frequent alcohol consumption, which negatively affect gum health.
• Maintaining a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals to support oral tissue health.
• Monitoring dental appliances – ensuring crowns, braces, or fillings do not cause gum irritation, and adjusting them as needed with a dentist’s help.

By following these guidelines, you can keep your gums healthy, prevent complications, and ensure a confident smile for years to come!